Optimal design of pro-conservation incentives

摘要: Abstract Payments for environmental services (PES) schemes have become an increasingly accepted and popular mode governmental non-governmental agencies to use in addressing local regional declines ecosystem services. In PES schemes, payments can either be tied indicators of actions service provision or the generated itself. Performance are synonymous this second group, i.e. completely contingent on procurement good service. Such a focus raises several practical issues during implementation. We review translate key aspects economic theory incentives into context performance payment with special attention paid two issues: risks outside individual's control distortion measurement Four different incentive approaches presented effects risk optimal discussed. The investigation each approach is accompanied by discussion examples from field.