Planthopper Outbreaks in Different Paddy Ecosystems in Asia: Man-Made Hopper Plagues that Threatened the Green Revolution in Rice

摘要: The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and whitebacked (WBPH), Sogatella frucifera (Horvath), are the rice monophagous species, which inevitably associated with agriculture in Asia. In 1970s, BPH suddenly occurred as most preeminent insect pest of threaten green revolution tropical outbreaks Southeast Asia were caused by disruption ecological balance between natural enemies insecticides, accepted a technical component to ensure high-yielding output varieties (HYVs) paddy ecosystems. India primarily attributed coevolutional interactions local plants monsoon-prevailing ecosystems abrupt replacement BPH-resistant traditional susceptible exotic HYVs program. Unsuccessful deployment IR was critically reviewed relation standardized seedbox screening test (SSST), had been exclusively used breed varieties. Sixteen 19 incorporated Bph1 bph2 genes easily defeated emergence adaptive biotypes so that their sequential releases could not stop outbreaks. Only few such IR36 IR64 found have durable field resistance even after breakdown monogenic resistance. Field performance indicated they some other traits cannot be evaluated SSST. Incapability evaluate commits risk insidious erosion those during process SSST-dependent breeding. That reason for tentative WBPH Punjab plain, prevalence WBPH-vectored new virus disease China Vietnam, ovicidal japonica referred special reference wind-borne massive displacement biology active monsoon areas.