Occurrences and ecological risks of roxithromycin, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol in the Han River, Korea

摘要: We evaluated the occurrence of three antibiotics (roxithromycin, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol) in surface water effluents from several sewage treatment plants (STPs) on Han River, Korea. In addition, standard acute toxicity tests were conducted using microbe Vibrio fischeri, freshwater macroinvertebrates Daphnia magna Moina macrocopa, fish (Oryzias latipes) for these antibiotics. Antibiotics more frequently detected at higher amounts effluent samples collected during low-flow season. For trimethoprim chloramphenicol, levels observed low flow were, average, 108 31 ng/L, respectively. These comparable to those measured municipal (average, 80 37 respectively), suggesting presence other sources upstream (e.g., livestock wastes). roxithromycin, approximately an order magnitude lower than levels. Adverse effects chloramphenicol mg/L aquatic ecotoxicity tests. Based hazard quotients calculated antibiotics, minimal risks systems are suggested. To further increase scientific understanding about potential impacts pharmaceuticals environment, however, chronic ecotoxicology studies, with subtle but ecologically meaningful end points or combination mechanistically related contaminants, may be beneficial.