When 1 + 1 > 2: Nanostructured composites for hard tissue engineering applications

摘要: Multicomponent, synergistic and multifunctional nanostructures have taken over the spotlight in realm of biomedical nanotechnologies. The most prospective materials for bone regeneration today are almost exclusively composites comprising two or more components that compensate shortcomings each one them alone. This is quite natural view fact all hard tissues human body, except perhaps tooth enamel, composite nanostructures. review article highlights some breakthroughs made this research direction, with main focus being those bone, cementum, dentin enamel. major obstacles to creating collagen/apatite modeled after structure mentioned, including immunogenicity xenogeneic collagen continuously failing attempts replicate biomineralization process vitro. Composites a polymeric component calcium phosphate discussed light their ability emulate soft/hard bone. Hard tissue engineering created using material other than phosphates, silica, metals several types nanotubes, also discoursed on, alongside additional deliverable these materials, such as cells, growth factors, peptides, antibiotics, antiresorptive anabolic agents, pharmacokinetic conjugates various cell-specific targeting moieties. It concluded variety structures body necessitates similar biomaterials regeneration. ongoing development nanocomposites restoration will result smart, theranostic capable acting therapeutically direct feedback outcome situ disease monitoring at cellular subcellular scales. Progress direction expected take us next generation biomaterials, designed purpose fulfilling Daedalus' dream - not restoring tissues, but rather augmenting them.