Direct evidence for prediction signals in frontal cortex independent of prediction error

摘要: Predictive coding (PC) has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms used by brains to interact with complex environments. PC theories posit top-down prediction signals, which are compared actual outcomes, yielding in turn prediction-error used, bottom-up, modify ensuing predictions. However, disentangling from signals challenging. Critically, while many studies found indirect evidence for predictive form direct signal is mostly lacking. Here we provide clear evidence, obtained intracranial cortical recordings human surgical patients, that lateral prefrontal cortex generates anticipating an event. Patients listened task-irrelevant sequences repetitive tones including infrequent predictable or unpredictable pitch deviants. The amplitude high frequency broadband (HFB) neural activity was decreased prior onset expected relative unexpected deviants frontal only, and its sensitive increasing likelihood following longer trains standards condition. Single trial HFB amplitudes predicted deviations correlated post-stimulus response deviations. These results independent signals.