Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled Insulin

摘要: The benefits of intensive insulin therapy in the prevention complications patients with diabetes mellitus are now well established. However, current methods administration fall short ideal. Consequently, alternative routes have been investigated. pulmonary route has received most attention, helped by advances inhaler devices and formulation technology. As a result, several inhalation systems at varying stages development, one already filed for marketing approval Europe. Knowledge pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic characteristics various inhaled formulations will help to determine their positioning evolving treatment strategies. For instance, rapid onset duration action would be desirable use postprandial glucose control. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that serum concentrations peak earlier decay more rapidly following compared subcutaneously administered regular insulin, measuring infusion rate under euglycaemic clamp show corresponding changes Furthermore, intrapatient variability pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics is low; similar (or perhaps less than) seen when subcutaneously. Estimates bioavailability bioefficacy achievable typically region 10% experienced insulin. Most losses device, mouth throat, ≈30–50% deposited lungs being absorbed. Clinical experience date indicates potential an effective diabetes, it may particular utility hyperglycaemia.