Gastrointestinal involvement in patients with diabetes mellitus: Part II (second of two parts). Diagnostic procedures, pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy.

摘要: Diagnostic work-up in patients with diabetes mellitus, whom gastrointestinal involvement is suspected comprises the assessment of transit times, endoscopy, esophageal pH-metry or manometry, sonography and lactulose- glucose-H2-breath tests. Prokinetic agents such as metoclopramide, cisapride erythromycin substances like loperamide, octreotide clonidine are used to improve dysfunction. Furthermore, recent trials which aimed for modulation cholecystokinin, proteinase inhibitors amylin were administered mellitus. Nonpharmacological interventions include pancreas kidney transplantation, gastric pacemakers biofeedback training.