Osmoadaptation mechanisms in prokaryotes: distribution of compatible solutes

摘要: Microorganisms respond to osmotic stress mostly by accumulating compatible solutes, either uptake from the medium or de novo synthesis. These osmotically active molecules preserve positive turgor pressure required for cell division. The diversity of solutes is large but falls into a few major chemical categories; they are usually small organic such as amino acids their derivatives, and carbohydrates derivatives. Some widely distributed in nature while others seem be exclusively present specific groups organisms. This review discusses distribution known classes found prokaryotes well increasing knowledge genes pathways involved alternative roles some archetypal not subject osmoregulatory constraints also discussed.