作者: E. D. Ables , D. J. Freddy , E. F. Cassirer
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摘要: Elk (Cervus elaphus) are easily disturbed by people on foot or skis (Ward 1976, Schultz and Bailey 1978, Ward Cupal 1979, Aune 1981). Recent increases in cross-country skiing elk winter range Yellowstone National Park (YNP) have raised concerns that skier disturbance may affect survival reproduction increasing energy expenditure displacement to less suitable habitat during critical months. During winter, northern ruminants minimize enable a time when food is scarce of low quality (Moen 1978). Our objectives were measure immediate movements skiers, assess costs associated with these movements, identify factors might influence behavior.