Evolution and typing of IncC plasmids contributing to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

摘要: The large, broad host range IncC plasmids are important contributors to the spread of key antibiotic resistance genes and over 200 complete sequences have been reported. To track these accurate typing identify closest relatives is needed. However, can be complicated by high variability in gene content various methods that rely on features conserved backbone developed. Plasmids broadly typed into two groups, type 1 2, using four differentiate otherwise closely related backbones. These types found many different countries bacteria from humans animals. hybrids 2 also occasionally seen, further types, each represented a single plasmid, were distinguished. Generally, located within small number islands, only one which, ARI-B, both 2. introduction island generates new lineage and, though they continuously evolving via loss or ones, positions serve as valuable lineage-specific markers. A current derived an early plasmid but include not seen more recent plasmids, indicating shared ancestor rather than direct lineal relationship. Some features, including ones essential for maintenance conjugation, examined experimentally.