Improving Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy for Localized Bladder Cancer.

摘要: In high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC), patient outcome is negatively affected by lack of response to Bacillus-Calmette Guerin (BCG) treatment. Lack cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cisplatin ineligibility reduces successful treatment outcomes in muscle-invasive (MIBC) patients. The effectiveness PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) metastatic disease has stimulated its evaluation as a option HR-NMIBC MIBC However, the observed responses, immune-related adverse events high costs associated with ICI have provided impetus for development methods improve stratification, enhance anti-tumorigenic effects reduce toxicity. Here, we review challenges opportunities offered inhibition MIBC. We highlight gaps field that need be addressed including biomarkers stratification potentially synergistic combination therapy regimens blockade.