Testicular cancer: biology and biomarkers

摘要: The term “human germ cell tumors” (GCTs) refers to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, all with defined histological appearance. They have specific epidemiological characteristics, clinical behavior, and pathogenesis. Histologically, GCTs contain various tissue elements, which are homologs normal embryogenesis. We proposed subclassification in five subtypes, three preferentially occur the testis. These include teratomas yolk sac tumors neonates infants (type I), seminomas nonseminomas (predominantly) adolescents adults II), spermatocytic elderly III). Both spontaneous induced animal models been reported, relevance for human is still be clarified. Multidisciplinary studies recently shed new light on (earliest steps the) pathogenesis GCTs, mainly regard malignant type II (germ cancer (GCC)). This review discusses novel understanding (mainly) GCC, focusing identification informative diagnostic markers suitable application setting. OCT3/4, SOX9/FOXL2, SOX17/SOX2, as well embryonic microRNAs. identified through embryogenesis, specifically related gonads, including lineage. Their strengths limitations discussed expected future approach identify individuals at highest risk development GCC. latter would allow screening populations, early diagnosis, optimal follow-up, potentially treatment, preventing long-term side effects systemic treatment.