Revisiting the role of retinoid signaling in skeletal development.

摘要: Several years ago, it was discovered that an imbalance of vitamin A during embryonic development has dramatic teratogenic effects. These effects have since been attributed to A's most active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), which itself profoundly influences the multiple organs including skeleton. After decades study, researchers are still uncovering molecular basis whereby retinoids regulate skeletal development. Retinoid signaling involves several components, from enzymes control synthesis and degradation RA, cytoplasmic RA-binding proteins, nuclear receptors modulate gene transcription. As new functions for each component continue be discovered, their developmental roles appear increasingly complex. Interestingly, implicated in Moreover, retinoid comes into play at distinct stages throughout sequence skeletogenesis, highlighting a fundamental role this pathway forming adult Consistent with these roles, manipulation significantly affects expression skeletogenic master regulatory factors, Sox9 Cbfa1. In addition fact we now greater understanding on level, much more information is available begin placing within context other factors skeletogenesis. Here review recent advances describe our current how coordinate We also discuss future directions clinical implications field.