The gastrointestinal fate of limonin and its effect on gut microbiota in mice

摘要: The gut microbiota plays a critical role in human health. Diets could modulate the microbiota, which turn may contribute to altered health outcomes by way of changing relative risk chronic diseases. Limonin, widely found citrus fruits, has been reported possess multiple beneficial effects. However, gastrointestinal fate limonin and its effect on remain unknown. Herein, mice were fed diet containing 0.05% (w/w) for 9 weeks. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrum analysis showed that was concentrated along tract reached 523.14 nmol g-1 colon lumen. Compared control mice, colonic richness significantly increased limonin. Gut community also clearly distinct from group as shown Principle Coordinate Analysis. Additionally, abundance 22 genera (relative >0.1%) significantly. Among these, generally regarded probiotics (Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium) reduced, not due direct inhibitory According Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes Genomes (KEGG) database, amino acid metabolism, lipid, metabolism immune system function predicted be upregulated, disease infectious markers suppressed dramatically based composition. Within category, bacterial toxin Staphylococcus aureus infection with treatment. Collectively, our study provides first line evidence oral intake shift composition functions, warrants further investigation determine implication