Integrity of Urine Specimens for Toxicological Analysis - Adulteration, Mechanisms of Action, and Laboratory Detection.

摘要: Drug testing in urine for employees is an important deterrent drug abuse. Because of the dire consequences a positive result, many individuals who might otherwise test will go to great lengths escape detection. The term "adulteration" this context refers to: substitution drug-free urine, purposeful ingestion agents or fluids designed either accelerate clearance dilute such that concentrations are below administrative cutoffs (in vivo adulterants), and adding foreign substances after collection vitro adulterants) interfere with assays (immunoassay screening gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmation). For immunoassays, adulterants can photometrically alter antibody-antigen binding. GC/MS analysis, chemically targeted undetectable derivative. laboratory must use different schemes detect adulterants, including physical observations tests (e.g., color, odor, pH), chemical analyses creatinine glutaraldehyde). If identity donated sample itself question, DNA be performed. continue develop new adulteration detection as encountered.