Country, Cover or Protection: What Shapes the Distribution of Red Deer and Roe Deer in the Bohemian Forest Ecosystem?

摘要: The Bohemian Forest Ecosystem encompasses various wildlife management systems. Two large, contiguous national parks (one in Germany and one the Czech Republic) form centre of area, are surrounded by private hunting grounds, regulations each country differ. Here we aimed at unravelling influence management-related environmental factors on distribution red deer (Cervus elaphus) roe (Capreolus capreolus) this ecosystem. We used standing crop method based counts pellet groups, with point every 100 m along 218 randomly distributed transects. Our analysis, which accounted for overdispersion as well zero inflation spatial autocorrelation, corroborated view that both human physical biological environment drive ungulate mountainous areas Central Europe. In contrast to our expectations, protection was least important variable third out four variables deer; negatively influenced positively Germany. Country most influential deer, higher groups Republic than Elevation, indicates increasing harshness, second species. cover relationship positive linear, optimal forest about 70% within a 500 radius. results have direct implications future conservation protected Europe show particular large non-intervention zones may not cause agglomerations could lead conflicts border protected, areas.