Chromogranins: from discovery to current times

摘要: The discovery in 1953 of the chromaffin granules as co-storage catecholamines and ATP was soon followed by identification a range uniquely acidic proteins making up isotonic vesicular storage complex within elements diffuse sympathoadrenal system. In mid-1960s, enzymatically inactive, major core protein, chromogranin A shown to be exocytotically discharged from stimulated adrenal gland parallel with co-stored ATP. prohormone concept introduced when one main collectively named granins identified insulin release inhibitory polypeptide pancreastatin. wide granin-derived biologically active peptides have subsequently been identified. Both B give rise antimicrobial relevance for combat pathogens. While two A-derived peptides, vasostatin-I pancreastatin, are involved modulation calcium glucose homeostasis, respectively, catestatin important modulators endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, myocardial contractility, innate immunity. physiological role is now evident full-length circulating stabilizers integrity protection against injury. high levels its fragments patients suffering various inflammatory diseases emerged challenges future research clinical applications.