Operational performance indicators for litter management at festivals in semi-natural landscapes

摘要: Abstract Huge open-air festivals with more than 50,000 visitors have become a common but scarcely studied land-use practice in many countries of the world. The environmental consequences crowds such as litter accumulation and damage to vegetation are increasingly being taken into account by event managers. At present, use overall solid waste amount an indicator their management performance. However, these operational performance indicators (OPIs) do not reflect either success individual reduction measures or valuable habitats. We developed specific OPIs for littering compared absolute per person at three Germany across different festival zones phases. For one festival, we established GIS relate sensitive habitats littering. Differences phases well impact litter-reducing were tested using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Waste reached values up 350 g h −1  m −2 , mainly form glass bottles. Stage, path, food, sanitation showed significantly higher hour area entrance zones, was lower during arrival phase departure Fencing combination controls, bin allocation, participatory collection systems decreased significantly. In addition, requiring deposits cups providing visitor information on banners impacted residual (non-glass) waste. Festivals led clear short-term decrease cover. Mapping relation highlights conflict between nature conservation. conclude that fencing, most efficient reduce should high priority particular, planners develop waste-intensive stage, zones. Overall, study provides evidence effective assessing huge general OPIs.