De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Sex-Biased Gene Expression in the Cyclical Parthenogenetic Daphnia galeata.

摘要: Daphnia species have become models for ecological genomics and exhibit interesting features, such as high phenotypic plasticity a densely packed genome with many lineage-specific genes. They are also cyclic parthenogenetic, alternating asexual sexual cycles environmental sex determination. Here, we present de novo transcriptome assembly of over 32,000 D. galeata genes use it to investigate gene expression in females spontaneously produced males two clonal lines derived from lakes Germany the Czech Republic. We find that only low percentage (18%) shows sex-biased there more female-biased (FBG) than male-biased (MBG). Furthermore, FBGs tend be conserved between MBGs both sequence expression. These patterns may consequence parthenogenesis leading relaxation purifying selection on MBGs. The show considerable differences number identity genes, suggesting they reproductive strategies differing their investment reproduction. Orthologs key determination juvenile hormone pathways, which thought important transition reproduction, highly among species.