Impacts of anthropogenic stresses on the early development stages of seaweeds

摘要: Seaweeds are important primary producers, and as such contributesignificantly to nearshore ecosystems. Studies on the effects ofanthropogenic stresses these organisms have largely been concernedwith vegetative adult stages of life cycle. Here we review thelimited information sensitivity early in cycleof seaweeds global change (UV increase; warming;increased storm frequencies) pollution (eutrophication, trace metalsand oil). Impacts fertility, substrate attachment, development,photosynthesis, growth mortality highlighted. In their naturalhabitats, shade-adapted, they live shel tered underadult canopies pores substrata. Although some acclimationunder increased moderate irradiance is seen, higher solar irradiance,and especially ultraviolet-B, inhibits development. Global warmingmay decrease fertility shorten fertile period somespecies. With increasing likelihood storms associated with globalwarming, gamete release may be inhibited while scouring by suspendedsediments detach newly settled stages. Succession localdistribution patterns likely affected. Eutrophication canresult accelerated development algalspecies but sewage discharges a negative impact sperm motility,fertilisation can cause germlings. ofother, indirect eutrophication, including sedimentcover substrata, caused wind-induced resuspension ofsediments, grazing, also expected negative. Toxic tracemetals affect viability, inhibit fertilisation development,and reduce rates. Gametes particularly susceptible oilpollution interactions between hydrocarbons adhesive mucussurrounding embryonic seem settlement.Recommendations for future studies provided that aimed atgaining greater insight into anthropogenic stress theweakest links cycle seaweeds.