Etiology of Subgroups in Chronic Alcoholism and Different Mechanisms in Transmitter Systems

摘要: The present state of the art in alcoholism research still suffers from fundamental problem delineating reliable boundaries between alcohol use, abuse and addiction, which includes distinction drinking (Edwards et al., 1977; Glatt, 1982; Heimann 1989; Jellinek, 1960; Keller, 1976; Lesch, 1985, Lesch 1991; Morey Blashfield, 1981; Nimmerrichter Pattison Kaufman, Polich 1980; Rodgerson Schuckit, 1979; Edwards Sobell, Uhl, 1983; Vaillant, 1983). continuously ongoing changes diagnostic criteria demonstrate quite well these difficulties (Cemovsky, 1985; Ewing, 1984; Fitzgerald 1971; Horn Koehler Sass, Lachar Marlatt, McLennan Rohsenow, Selzer, Spitzer, 1987; Wanberg Horn, Wetzler, 1988; Wittchen 1989). heterogenity this illness is undoubted (Babor Lauerman, 1986: Berner 1986; Besson Button, 1956; Buydens-Branchey Cloninger Conley Prioleau, Donovan Gilligan Grunberger Johnson Knorring 1988a,b,c; Martin Norstrom Berglund, Schuckit Irwin, Thurstin Alfano, Victor Banker, 1978; Winokur 1971). Between 1850 1941 thirty-nine different typologies have been proposed many further attempts added since Buydens-Branchey, Cloninger, 1987). Most are cross-sectional classifications reflecting researchers interests rather than aspects (Bean Nerviano Gross, For reason types subgroups exist oriented psychologically, socially or biologically. results all to subgroup chronic remain unsatisfactory (Alfano Alterman Tarter, Litman Zivich, 1981).