Osseous and Other Hard Tissue Pathologies in Turtles and Abnormalities of Mineral Deposition

摘要: Actualistic interpretation (on the basis of disorders documented in life) pathology modern turtles, and across phylogenetic spectrum, allows confident diagnosis disease fossil turtles. Fortunately, those diseases that affect bone do so a manner appears independent phylogeny even geologic chronology. To date, most pathologies have been reported as isolated observations. Therefore latter characterized placed within framework recognized activities. Toward this end, we surveyed literature, assessing reports terms contemporary definitions. Epidemiologic studies turtles are rare, with exception frequency anomalies avascular necrosis recognition diving behavior. Notation 50% Cretaceous limitation to marine its gradual reduction over time present unique window into turtle behavior their development strategies minimize occurrence. Anomalies, typically thought representing mutations, whether inherited or de novo, may also provide insight environmental conditions. While amphibians often utilized markers health, extrapolation reptiles is pertinent. Fractures imply behavior, such falls mating injuries. Bites other forms trauma appear be common cause infections by bacteria fungi. The arthritis gout infections, although calcium pyrophosphate crystal osteoarthritis reported. Calcium urate bladder stones Vitamin D deficiency essentially phenomenon captive animals, but can complicate kidney disease. Hyperparathyroidism occur part what referred renal osteodystrophy it an phenomenon. Carapace plastron represent normal variation, disease, possibly differences. etiology shell pitting has highly controversial, bites, parasites, mixed bacterial fungal algae invoked causative agents. many alterations, well identified associated organisms, exist, there not delineation which mechanism responsible for specific types lesions, working vocabulary describing lesions.