Properties of fast solitary structures

摘要: Abstract. We present detailed observations of electromagnetic waves and particle distributions from the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) satellite which reveal many important properties large-amplitude, spatially-coherent plasma structures known as "fast solitary structures" or "electron phase space holes". Similar have been observed in several regions magnetosphere including auroral zone, sheet boundary layer, bow shock. There has rapid theoretical progress understanding these structures. Solitary can develop bidirectional electron beams. Once developed, one-dimensional parallel to magnetic field be adequately described by analytical treatment BGK remains, however, unanswered questions. The origin beams, development two-or three-dimensional structures, association with ion cyclotron frequency are not well understood.