Aggressive Bimodal Communication in Domestic Dogs, Canis familiaris

摘要: Evidence of animal multimodal signalling is widespread and compelling. Dogs’ aggressive vocalisations (growls barks) have been extensively studied, but without any consideration the simultaneously produced visual displays. In this study we aimed to categorize dogs’ bimodal signals according redundant/non-redundant classification framework. We presented dogs with unimodal (audio or visual) (audio-visual) stimuli measured their gazing motor behaviours. Responses did not qualitatively differ between two contexts, indicating that acoustic provide redundant information. could further classify signal as ‘equivalent’ ‘enhancing’ found evidence for both subcategories. discuss our findings in relation complex framework, propose several hypotheses signal’s function.