Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe

摘要: Large carnivores (bears Ursus arctos, wolves Canis lupus, lynx Lynx and wolverines Gulo gulo) are among the most challenging group of species to maintain as large continuous populations or reintegrate back into European landscape. Political, socioeconomic society changes challenge past management approaches in some populations. At same time local improvements habitat quality, return their prey species, public support favourable legislation allow for recovery small Several Europe’s carnivore robust, others expanding, remain critically endangered a few declining. [\n] need very areas conservation needs be planned on wide spatial scales that will often span many intra‐ inter‐ national borders. Within these actions coordinated. To facilitate coordination, common understanding present day status at population level is an important basis. The aim this summary report provide expert based update all identified by Carnivore Initiative Europe (LCIE), available document “Guidelines Population Level Management Plans Carnivores” (Linnell et al. 2008) and/or various Species Online Information Systems (http://www.kora.ch/sp‐ois/ ; also see Appendix 1). However, methods used monitor vary direct comparison over never possible continental scale. It more realistic have insight general order magnitude population, its trend permanent range “currencies” comparisons assessments (see point 2). This does not replace directive reporting, but rather complement it. Discrepancies likely occur due different periods covered agreements reached reporting criteria which has deal with species. Furthermore, several countries recent data distribution map were always available, yet. Changes monitoring result changing estimates, even stable Improved costly may suddenly discover previous estimates too high, detect individuals than previously assumed. Examples both occur. Being aware change methodology assessment still “stable” if numbers listed tables changed. On other hand, scale “official” (government) questionable non‐transparent extrapolations run contrary from reference within country similar regions countries. If discrepancy apparent, question official numbers. reviewing techniques. parameters principles “good practice” examples been compiled LCIE (http://www.lcie.org/Docs/LCIE%20IUCN/LCIE_PSS_m onitoring.pdf). references end reports do ample well documented state art under variety contexts.