Carnivores in the everyday life of Gravettian hunters-gatherers in Central Europe

摘要: Abstract Insights into human life in Central Europe at ~30–20,000 years ago have come from studies of archaeological and paleontological materials Czechia, Poland, Slovakia, including assemblages sites such as Dolni Věstonice I II, Pavlov I, Krakow Spadzista, Jaksice Moravany–Lopata II. Pavlovian mammal bone settlements South Moravia are dominated by small (birds, hares, foxes) medium sized animals (wolves, reindeer, wolverines), but bones large mammals also occur (bears, cave lions, horses, mammoths, which dominate the adjacent deposits), showing wide spectrum hunters’ prey choices. Late Gravettian localities show an apparent trend towards specialization hunting. Clear exemplars Spadzista Milovice where mammoth remains osteological material. At both, numbers carnivore been found, taxa (such foxes), (wolves largest carnivores (bears lions). Osteological European open-air lack hyenas because this species went extinct between 40 30 thousand years ago. The significant that had important meaning lives people occupying sites. Acquiring animal hides was possibly main reason for hunting carnivores, is supported skinning-related cut marks left on different wolf, wolverine, lion. However, other body parts were used hunters. Carnivore to make tools (e.g., awls), teeth wolf fox personal ornaments (pendants). We point out presence Moravian made during carcass dismembering foxes, wolves, wolverines, indicating these a source food hunters-gatherers. foxes undoubtedly entire span Gravettian. art symbolism, Paleolithic hunters neglected smaller predators preferred most dangerous ones lions bears. Lastly, we emphasize capable hunt even lions), prey.