Transcribing from the Mind To the Map: Tracing the Evolution of a Concept

摘要: From cities, to neighborhoods, territorial lands, the insight of people who occupy these places is being acknowledged by researchers and policymakers as key elements in understanding a variety social, economic, environmental, health processes which they participate that impact their lives. This move seek local knowledge has long history many disciplines. (1) However, broad shift toward ecological frameworks (2) at fine dynamic spatial-temporal scales, particularly evident across social sciences public health, driven resurgence interest knowledge, especially using map medium through collect, analyze, communicate insights. As result, "sketch mapping," concept having mark on or create own maps, experiencing popularity wide studies, ranging from perceptions safety along trail, boundaries indigenous land use, activity spaces defined gender, sexuality, employment. Mapping what held mind perhaps one more enigmatic goals undertaken geographers. Methodologically, it appears quite simple: most cases participants are asked draw, some form, know/believe/feel about place places. The resulting maps can then be examined individually collectively analyze range geographical variables. Especially when data geographic information system (GIS), opportunities for spatial analysis visualization novel authoritative an otherwise invisible landscape. such, this form mapping powerful approach give voice marginalized populations, contribute participatory methods, lend another way knowing scholar's toolkit. Despite recent widespread adoption sketch mapping, idea transcribing person's tangible not new. Three seminal works often cited genesis concept: Kevin Lynch's Image City (1960), Roger Downs David Stea's Environment (1973), Peter Gould Rodney White's Mental Maps (1974). (3) In geography, prior watershed book, existing work vein was emerging earlier research mental British school-leavers (1968) 1974 compendium reflects other relevant developments time. For example, point Lynch but also draw gray literature includes Brian Goodey's (1971) residential perception Birmingham measuring preferences "weighted image," much like Lynch, aimed practical obtaining resident's input planning. They note dissertation Ley (1972) creating "environmental stress surfaces," Orleans's (1967) composite map, even beyond academe (for D. K. Wallingford). These studies examine preference, perception, serve precedents follows three veins investigation introduction document behaviors. Indeed, directions have been reflected journal following period its 1960s 1970s with Waldo Tobler (1963), Larry Svart (1976), Risa Palm (1976). Shortly thereafter, Terry Jordan (1978), Karl Raitz Richard Ulack (1981), (1982) used identify regions Texas location Appalachia, respectively. P.P. Karan colleagues (1980, 1982) employed capture urban slum environment residents, while recently Jeffrey Smith Matthew Cartlidge (2011) same elicit residents' pre- post-tornado images Greensburg, Kansas, Bor-Wen Tsai Yung-Ching Lo (2013) implemented investigate delineations populations Taiwan. …