Talking ethnic but hearing multi-ethnic: the Peoples’ Democratic Party (PDP) in Nigeria and durable multi-ethnic parties in the midst of violence

摘要: The effect of ethnicity on party politics in Nigeria (1999–present) has been paradoxical. Policies designed to end ethnic outbidding and the ethnicisation have resulted higher levels violence. pursued by Nigerian framers ‘get system right’ engender broad, ethnically diverse parties were also expected reduce incentives for elites encourage They not. Peoples’ Democratic Party (PDP) succeeds as a multi-ethnic coalition basis informal bargains accommodations. practice ‘zoning’, which distributes spoils office according an formula, produces local embark upon violence or mobilisation way advancing interests their constituencies. institutional framework democracy creates ‘two-faced’ – cooperative nationally, but antagonistic home districts.