Who flies first? – habitat-specific phenological shifts of butterflies and orthopterans in the light of climate change: a case study from the south-east Mediterranean

摘要: 1. Insects undergo phenological change at different rates, showing no consistent trend between habitats, time periods, species or groups. Understanding how and why this variability occurs is crucial. 2. Phenological patterns of butterflies Orthoptera were analysed using a novel approach standardised major axis (SMA) analysis. It was investigated whether: (i) phenology (the mean date duration flight) changed from one survey (1998 1999 respectively) to another (2011), (ii) the rate which differed taxa (iii) significantly across habitat types (agriculture fields, grasslands, forests). Using 2011 dataset, we relationships habitat-specific variables phenology. 3. For both groups, late-emerging had an advanced onset on second while showed for did not Orthoptera. Although two level, longer flight period emerged in agriculture fields differentiation habitats. We found earlier emergence grasslands compared forests, attributed temperature, whereas spatial variation humidity lower effect butterflies' forests. A gradual delay butterfly appearances as canopy cover increased also found. 4. The utility SMA analysis demonstrated studies evidence detected that type refine species' responses.