Oral D/L-3-Hydroxybutyrate Stimulates Cholecystokinin and Insulin Secretion and Slows Gastric Emptying in Healthy Males

摘要: BACKGROUND D-3-hydroxybutyrate (D-3-OHB) is a ketone body that serves as an alternative nutritional fuel but also important signaling metabolite. Oral supplements containing D/L-3-OHB are becoming popular approach to achieve ketosis. AIM To explore the gut-derived effects of supplements. METHODS Eight healthy lean male volunteers were investigated on 2 separate occasions:An acetaminophen test was performed evaluate gastric emptying and blood samples obtained consecutively throughout study period. RESULTS We show oral consumption stimulates cholecystokinin release (P = 0.02), elevates insulin 0.03) C-peptide < 0.001) concentrations, slows 0.01) compared with matched intravenous administration. Measures appetite plasma concentrations glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) unaffected by interventions. CONCLUSION Our findings exert incretin indicate luminal sensing in gut endothelium. This adds our understanding ketones metabolites displays difference between physiological ketosis