Bioeconomic modeling of mixed Norway spruce—European beech stands: economic consequences of considering ecological effects

摘要: The study provides an improved bioeconomic model of mixed-species stands in order to test the economic consequences tree species mixtures composed spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), when impact mixing on stand resistance against hazards is considered. We used survival probabilities mixed- mono-species derived by Griess et al. (For Ecol Manag 267:284–296, 2012) expand existing Knoke Seifert (Ecol Model 210:487–498, 2008). Monte-Carlo simulations showed highest average net present value (sum all revenues during one rotation period discounted 2 %) for with a small admixture 7 % total stems. this mixed type was 8 higher than that reached monoculture, while risk—measured as standard deviation value—was 18 lower pure stand. A 51 led decrease 23 compared monoculture. However, stabilizing effect high proportion trees together general diversification effects (as result from low correlation hazard market risks both species) reduced 55 %. Generally, intensive mixture groups, interactions between throughout stand, values identical proportions large homogenous blocks without interactions. For calculating probability, data Rhineland-Palatinate were used, modeling growth, based information gained Bavaria. It can be assumed susceptibility toward windthrow underestimated respect Bavarian conditions or growth overestimated conditions. This narrows explanatory power at hand and—once again—highlights importance standardization inventory processes over Europe. Still strong potential proven results. hypothesis, simpler, more traditional models are economically inferior stands, could therefore rejected. Of particular relevance practicing foresters even mild admixtures may lead substantial positive consequences. With relatively initial investments then, considerable increase efficiency expected. finding makes least interesting privately owned forest sector.