3.07 Coupling Reactions Between sp 3 -Carbon Centers

摘要: The formation of carbon–carbon bonds between sp 3 -carbons, catalyzed by transition metals, remains much less developed in comparison with the well-recognized cross-coupling reactions unsaturated - and 2 -carbons until approximately a decade ago. A remarkable evolution this field happened at beginning century which was triggered employing new ligands, including bulky alkylphosphines, di- or tri-amines, π-carbon N -heterocyclic carbenes. These can be Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag constitute powerful tools area synthetic chemistry for constructing carbon chains as fundamental frameworks organic molecules. This chapter focuses on rapid growth techniques connecting -carbon centers, stoichiometric catalytic unactivated alkyl (pseudo)halides various alkylmetals well involving allylic benzylic carbons. homocoupling halides promoted reducing reagents that using oxidizing is also discussed.