The science of nations: European multinationals and American biotechnology

摘要: This paper examines how Europe's large chemical/pharmaceutical multinationals have developed their interests and capabilities in biotechnology particular the degree to which, process, they become increasingly linked into US science base. It looks at both direct linkages via subsidiary laboratories located on soil indirect small, dedicated companies. concludes that, although picture is mixed, many of these major European firms are now deeply embedded by two routes American However, far from this being ''exploitation'', most respects gainer, for creating high value added jobs Americans soil. For Europe, key issue internally transferring technology back home-based laboratories. Unless happening, Europe risks cumulative loss leading edge capabilities.