Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review

摘要: Abstract The aim of this paper is to review the recent scientific literature concerning geothermal heat pumps and existing regulations and/or technical guidelines in selected European countries. Focus was put on environmental effects caused by open- closed-loop vertical systems. Research narrowed down authors with affiliations Union results five countries were discussed detail. Legislation viewed perspective findings. Numerous articles found that may provide valuable information for improving recommendations. Performance issues correlate negative therefore solutions efficient operation support sustainability, too. However, licensing procedures are versatile new research seem not be implemented rules. A legislative framework suggested a level gives unified definition shallow systems, preferably enthalpy basis, lays principles permitting process criteria sustainable GHP systems based tolerating differences due local geological hydrogeological properties. clear distinction low-risk desirable aid simplification administrative procedure.