High Arctic ecosystem states: Conceptual models of vegetation change to guide long-term monitoring and research

摘要: Vegetation change has consequences for terrestrial ecosystem structure and functioning may involve climate feedbacks. Hence, when monitoring states changes thereof, the vegetation is often a primary target. Here, we summarize current understanding of in High Arctic—the World’s most rapidly warming region—in context monitoring. To foster development deployable strategies, categorize different kinds drivers (disturbances or stresses) either as pulse (i.e. that occur sudden short events, though their effects be long lasting) press where conditions remains place prolonged period, slowly increases pressure). account great heterogeneity responses to other drivers, stress need increased use ecosystem-specific conceptual models guide ecological studies Arctic. We discuss model with three hypothesized alternative characterized by mosses, herbaceous plants, bare ground patches, respectively. moss-graminoid tundra Svalbard case study documented potential impacts on possible transitions between those states. Our points likely additive herbivores climate, driving this from moss-dominated state cool soils, shallow active layer slow nutrient cycling an warmer soil, deeper permafrost thaw, faster cycling. Herbaceous-dominated (patchy) would present two response drivers. Conceptual are operational tool focus efforts towards management needs identify pressing scientific questions. promote greater conjunction state-and-transition framework ensure fit purpose approaches. Defined expectations focal systems’ also facilitate linking local regional international initiatives, such Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program.