摘要: Abstract: It is well known that some species produce offspring carrying only female chromosomes by processes such as apomixis and parthenogenesis (generically termed “gynogenesis”). There are also several cases of natural reproduction androgenesis in which diploid carry nuclear from the male parent. We used population genetics models to investigate conditions for invasion rare alleles consequences their spread. Our predict often spread fixation. If fixation causes loss females or function population, extinction occurs. Therefore, represent a new class selfish genetic elements. Extinction more likely dioecious than hermaphrodites. Within species, when occurs via paternal (vs. fusion doubling haploid nuclei) heterogametic sex heterogamety). Th...