摘要: A rather large gap exists between the conventional wisdom on management functions, tools, and systems one hand actual managerial behavior other. The former is usually discussed in terms of planning, controlling, staffing, organizing, directing; latter characterized by long hours, fragmented episodes, oral communication. Actual behavior, as a study successful general managers shows, looks less systematic, more informal, reflective, reactive, well organized, frivolous than student strategic planning systems, MIS, or organizational design would ever expect. important disturbing for many reasons. First all, it raises serious questions about kind formal performance appraisal, other that are commonly use today. In similar way, education, which relies heavily "theory" currently producing 60,000 new MBAs each year. Furthermore, makes difficult executives to coach younger hard them know how they might improve their own effectiveness.