When payments for environmental services will work for conservation

摘要: Using the article by Muradian et al. (2013) as entry point, I develop a broader framework for conditions needed to allow PES emerge and function. It is argued that are designed instruments with clear goals, will function without markets, economic valuation, or commoditized services. As highly adaptive management tool, particularly suited achieving equitable flexible conservation outcomes. However, do require payment culture good organization from service users, trustful negotiation climate, well-defined land- resource-tenure regimes providers. These demanding preconditions may explain why implementation, while promising in many cases, has only spread slowly low-income countries.