Communication with Aboveground Devices in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: An Empirical Study
作者： A. R. Silva , M. C. Vuran
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摘要: Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) consist of wirelessly connected underground sensor nodes that communicate untethered through soil. WUSNs have the potential to impact a wide variety novel applications including intelligent irrigation, environment monitoring, border patrol, and assisted navigation. Although its deployment is mainly based on nodes, WUSN still requires aboveground devices for data retrieval, management, relay functionalities. Therefore, characterization bi-directional communication between buried node an device essential realization WUSNs. In this work, empirical evaluations underground-to- (UG2AG) aboveground-to-underground (AG2UG) are presented. More specifically, testbed experiments been conducted with commodity motes in real-life agricultural field. The results highlight asymmetry UG2AG AG2UG distinct behaviors different burial depths. To combat adverse effects change wavelength soil, ultra wideband antenna scheme deployed, which increases range by more than 350% compared original antennas. also reveal 21% increase soil moisture decreases 70%. best our knowledge, first study highlights design, depth, both performance. These significant development multi-hop networking protocols
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