CAN NEW SOCIAL PROGRAMS BRING ABOUT A NEW PERIOD OF POLITICAL INCORPORATION IN LATIN AMERICA

摘要: Judging from historical precedents, it is possible that new social programs, namely non-contributory protection and conditional transfers, could underwrite a period of political incorporation in Latin America, cementing loyalties institutional channels popular participation. This paper looks at this question two parts, fiscal, with the central being whether relationship between informal sector these programs be sustained - if sustained, involve strong enough to “shape arena” (Collier Collier 1991) defend democracy. It has argued are probably shallow but also likely induce some positive regard for democratic rules, because democracy plainly favors emergence programs. Fiscally, limits more severe poorer country. In terms tax policy, VAT best source revenue, both sustainability redistribution standpoint fiscal efficiency. As incorporation, concluded heterogeneity nature benefit make unlikely especially poor countries where largest. The closes by speculating such countries, universalism will hard sustain, possibly supplanted clientelism toward politically strategic parts sector.