History of total knee replacement.

摘要: In the early 1970s, condylar knee was developed independently in United States and overseas. The concept of replacing tibiofemoral surfaces with cemented fixation, along preservation cruciate ligaments, refined. To correct severe deformities, posterior cruciate-sacrificing design introduced, also 1970s. By 1974, patellofemoral joint either preserving or sacrificing ligaments had become standard practice. Subsequently, designs were improved to include modularity noncemented use universal instrumentation. Today, over 19 companies distribute total implants three different types: cruciate-preserving, cruciate-substituting, TC-III. Six major are actively involved designing mobile-bearing knees. Future developments, such as navigation-guided surgery, enhanced kinematics, wear-resistant bearing better promise a consistent evolution for replacement.