Health effects from long-range transported contaminants in Arctic top predators: An integrated review based on studies of polar bears and relevant model species.

摘要: Abstract The aim of this review is to provide a thorough overview the health effects from complexed biomagnified mixture long-range transported industrial organochlorines (OCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and mercury (Hg) on polar bear ( Ursus maritimus ) health. Multiple scientific studies bears indicate negative relationships between exposure these contaminants parameters; however, are all correlative nature do not represent true cause-and-effects. Therefore, information controlled farmed Norwegian Arctic foxes Vulpes lagopus housed East West Greenland sledge dogs Canis familiaris were included as supportive weight evidence in clarification contaminant bears. showed that hormone vitamin concentrations, liver, kidney thyroid gland morphology well reproductive immune systems likely be influenced by exposure. Furthermore, exclusively based studies, bone density reduction neurochemical disruption DNA hypomethylation brain stem seemed occur. range tissue concentration, at which alterations observed bears, ca. 1–70,000 ng/g lw for OCs (blood plasma concentrations some PCB metabolites even higher), 1–1000 ng/g PBDEs PFCs Hg 114–3052 ng/g ww 0.1–50 μg/g ww, respectively. Similar found while lack dose response designs did allow an estimation threshold levels oral accumulated concentrations. Nor was it possible pinpoint specific group being more important than others nor analyze their interactions. For corresponding daily ΣOC ΣPBDE estimated 35 0.34 μg/kg body weight, PFC population effect could occur, reached around year 2012 subpopulation if current increasing temporal trends continue. Such proposed supported physiological pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling critical residues (CBR) with risk quotients ≥ 1 ΣPCB, dieldrin, ΣPFC ΣOHC (organohalogen contaminant). TEQ 32–281-folds above WHO ΣTEQ guidelines humans. Compared human tolerable intake (TDI), exceeded PCBs, chlordanes ΣHCH Comparisons like should done caution, but together CBR T -score estimations, only available tools evaluation. In conclusion, seem susceptible induced stress may have overall sub-clinical impact status via impacts systems.