Parity, early menopause and the incidence of bladder cancer in women: A case-control study and meta-analysis

摘要: Abstract Introduction Incidence rates of bladder cancer are notably higher in men than women. While there is evidence that reproductive and hormonal risk factors may influence cancer, data inconclusive. Materials methods We examined reproductive, menstrual use history our population-based case–control study New Hampshire (NH), USA (n = 207 women cases n = 463 controls). Additionally, we performed a meta-analysis the published literature. used unconditional logistic regression analysis to compute adjusted odds ratios associated with each factor NH study. combined these estimates those from literature using inverse variance effects models. Results In study, slightly decreased ratio was found among who had ever birth compared nulliparous an elevated underwent surgical menopause (bilateral oophorectomy), especially at early age. No overall associations were oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy. These findings generally agreement meta-analytic results for which relative (RR) estimate reduced parous (combined RR versus nulliparous = 0.66, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.55–0.79) undergoing late menopause = 1.59, CI 1.31–1.92). consistent observed other factors. Discussion Some appear be related incidence women; but whether due female hormones uncertain.