A comparison of Langmuir turbulence parameterizations and key wave effects in a numerical model of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans

摘要: Abstract Five different parameterizations of Langmuir turbulence (LT) effect are investigated in a realistic model the North Atlantic and Arctic using wave forcing from global hindcast. The mainly apply an enhancement to velocity scale, and/or entrainment buoyancy flux surface boundary layer. An additional run is also performed with other effects assess relative importance turbulence, namely Coriolis-Stokes forcing, Stokes tracer advection wave-modified momentum fluxes. default (without effects) underestimates mixed layer depth summer overestimates it at high latitudes winter. results show that adding LT mixing reduces shallow (MLD) biases, particularly subtropics all year-around, Nordic Seas summer. There overall stronger impact on MLD during winter than In particular, parameterization most vigorous causes increases by more 50% control without mixing. On contrary, which assumes accounts for penetration able enhance This distinct others because restrains regions deep so preferred choice our purpose. do not change amplitude or phase seasonal cycle heat content but influence its long-term trend, means can drift ocean models. combined water mass properties force, advection, wave-dependent fluxes negligible compared parameterized turbulence.