Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st century

摘要: This article makes the case that legally required participation methods in US not only do meet most basic goals for public participation, but they are also counterproductive, causing anger and mistrust. Both theory practice dominated by ambivalence about idea of itself. struggle with dilemmas make problems seem insoluble, such as conflict between individual collective interest or ideal democracy reality many voices never heard. Cases used to draw on an emerging set practices collaborative engagement from around world demonstrate how alternative can better moot more conventional practice. Research shows solve complex, contentious budget decision making create improved climate future action when bitter disputes divide a community. Authentic dialogue...