Enhancing outdoor recreation and biodiversity through payments for ecosystem services: emerging potentials from selected Natura 2000 sites in Italy

摘要: Efforts in preserving natural and seminatural ecosystems associated ecosystem services are affected by scarce financial resources. Payments for (PES) increasingly recognised creating additional funding, as protected areas, outdoor recreation is one important service that promising successfully implementing PES. Therefore, this study aimed to develop evaluate potentials PES schemes related recreational Natura 2000 sites. For 10 sites different Italian regions, the first assessed analysed managerial economic aspects of Then, various options were defined a participatory process. Furthermore, we developed dynamic model evaluating effects on ES. Whereas provision opportunities was mostly at high level, potential demand varied greatly among sites, depending spatial distribution beneficiaries. Moreover, found great differences visitation rates consequently actual value. The included small payments (€1) via mobile phone visitors, contributions from regional government tourism businesses, visitor fees or tourist taxes others. This highlights how agreements, such schemes, may support funding biodiversity conservation valorising benefits services; however, further research needed effectiveness long term.