Non-tariff barriers to trade caused by SPS measures and customs procedures with product quality changes

摘要: This study develops a methodology to quantify the combined effects of two major nontariff barriers (NTBs), sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures customs administrative procedures. We employ constant elasticity substitution (CES) utility function with factor-augmenting technical progress incorporate changes in quality goods. then estimate these NTBs Japanese cut flower market. Results show that estimates SPS are biased without considering product caused by procedures for highly perishable agricultural products. If were removed, findings suggest there would be significant increase imports Japan.