How to understand estrogen signaling from the phenotypes of ERalpha and ERbeta knockout mice.

摘要: When ERα knockout mice were created in 1993 (Lubahn et al. 1993), no one was aware of the presence ERβ and it assumed that phenotype these animals revealed loss estrogen signaling. We now know this first not perfect some truncated forms are expressed (Couse 1995). also there is another ER, (Kuiper 1996), so signaling still intact -/- mice. Since development original mice, (Krege 1998) double (Ogawa 2000) have been intensively examined phenotypes often reviewed (Mueller Korach 2001; Couse Emmen 2003; Hewitt 2003). Clearly, disruption ERa results severe dysfunction ovary, uterus, mammary gland, pituitary adipose tissue, i.e., classical target tissues. At thought to be very important physiologically because tissues much less affected than they It only when more carefully became apparent many had suspected (Nilsson 2001).