Social aggregation in the pelagic zone with special reference to fish and invertebrates.

摘要: Aggregations of organisms, ranging from zooplankton to whales, are an extremely common phenomenon in the pelagic zone; perhaps best known fish schools. Social aggregation is a special category that refers groups self-organize and maintain cohesion exploit benefits such as protection predators, location capture resources more effectively with greater energy efficiency than could solitary individual. In this review we explore general principles, specific reference organisms; describe range new technologies either designed for studying aggregations or potentially be exploited purpose; report on insights gained theoretical modelling; discuss relationship between social ocean management; speculate impact climate change. Examples occur all animal phyla. Among it possible repeated co-occurrence stable pairs individuals, which has been established some schooling fish, likely precursor leading networks interaction complex behaviour. network analysis added into behaviour allows us dissect examine how constituent individuals interact each other. This type well advanced pinnipeds cetaceans, work progressing. Detailed three-dimensional schools proved difficult, especially at sea, but there progress recently. The technological aids include video acoustics, have benefited advances digitization, miniaturization, motion computing power. New techniques permit tracking thousands individual animals within single group allowed novel within-group interactions. Approaches using modelling long history only recently hypotheses tested empirically. lack synchrony models empirical data, framework hitherto hampered progress; however, recent developments field offer considerable promise. Further, change, already having effects ecosystems, dramatic through its influence species composition by altering distribution ranges, migration patterns, vertical migration, oceanic acidity. Because most major commercial fishing targets species, these changes important consequences dependent businesses.