The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?

摘要: Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia, is the site of largest volcanic explosion in late Pleistocene, which occurred about 73,500 ( 2000) years ago (Chesner et al., 1991, Buhring & Sarnthein 2000). It has been asserted by Ambrose (1998) and others (Rampino Self 1992, Rampino 2000, 2002) that eruption gave rise to a “volcanic winter” such catastrophic scale it caused human population bottleneck. In this note we discuss probable effect Toba evidence putative The super-eruption produced 2500– 3000 km magma (dense rock equivalent) probably injected at least 10 g fine ash into stratosphere 1993, Zielinski 1996, Pyroclastic flows covered 1993) with lava reaching both Malacca straits Indian Ocean (Rose Chesner 1987). Layers tephra, identified as tuff have found India, more than away from (Ninkovich 1978, Ninkovich 1979, Rose 1987, Pattan 1999), South China Sea (Buhring